At the Project:
There are small nestlings in almost every box now.  When you make nest checks you
have to take them out to get an accurate count, so you might as well examine
them.  Slip your fingers gently under each and lift.  Sure, you'll be defecated on, but
don't miss opportunities for close-up looks at nestling growth and development.
They won't be small for long.  











Also, watch for changes in nestling and adult behavior.

Warning!!  If you plan to have your nestlings banded your bander must wait until
they are 11-12 days old, no younger and no older!

Concepts:
How are the nestlings changing?
  • They are growing very rapidly!
  • Their body proportions are changing.  Their wings are becoming larger and
    abdomens smaller relative to the rest of their bodies.
  • They are gaining weight at an explosive rate.  By day 12-15, if they are
    receiving sufficient food, they will reach 15 times their hatching weight, and
    often outweigh adults!
  • However, nestling weight can swing rapidly up and down due to variations in
    the weather that affect food supplies.
  • Strips on their bodies have darkened where tracts of feather follicles are
    growing (see below).
  • Again, bad weather can result in slower feather growth because parents aren't
    able to supply enough food and more of each nestling's energy must be
    diverted from growth to thermoregulation.
  • From left: hatch, 3 day, 6 day, 9 day, and 12 day-old-nestlings.






  • Contour feathers, that will cover and shape the body, start to emerge at day
    six to seven.  By about day 15-16 bodies will be fully feathered.
  • Flight feather sheaths, looking like quills, begin poking through the skin on
    wings and tails by about day 6-7 (see below).  These waxy sheaths surround
    and protect the feathers as they grow out from their follicles.

















  • By about day 10-12 wing and tail feathers that have partially erupted from
    their sheaths resemble little paintbrushes (see the tail feathers below).  
    These flight feathers should be completely erupted by day 16 or so, and will
    continue to elongate through fledging and beyond.









  • Gradually, between day six and ten, nestling eyes open from tiny slits to fully
    wide.

Are nestlings' feathers the same color as adults'?
  • No, nestlings are acquiring a unique "juvenile plumage", which they only have
    for the first few months of their lives.
  • Juvenile upper bodies will be sooty gray with no iridescent blue-green.
  • Wings and tails will be dark gray.
  • Under bodies will be duller white than adults'.
  • Some juveniles will show a very faint sooty chest band.

How is nestling behavior changing?
  • They are becoming more and more active, shifting position often.
  • They are more squirmy when handled.
  • The simple begging peeps they once gave have become much more loud,
    persistent, and complex.
  • They still huddle together but overflow the cup by day eight or so.
  • As they get larger they begin to preen erupting feathers, and stretch their
    growing wings.

Are all young in a nest about the same size and state of development?
  • In some nests they are.
  • In others one or more may be noticeably smaller.

Where do you think lagging nestlings were in the clutch's laying and hatching order?
  • If they were last laid and last hatched by a day, they were at a size
    disadvantage to begin with and may not be able to compete well for food
    with their older, larger nestmates.
  • Individual nestlings can also lag due to disease, injury, or genetic weakness.

Who feeds the nestlings; males, females, or both?
  • Normally both feed nestlings, with females tending to bring food a bit more
    often, although individual rates can vary.
  • However, if one parent dies or deserts there will be less food for the young at
    the nest.
  • Also, if a male successfully claims two nest sites and has a female and young in
    both (this happens occasionally), he only feeds young at one nest, leaving the
    burden of feeding young at the secondary nest entirely to its female.
  • Feeding a full brood is normally too difficult for single adults, and the smaller,
    weaker young usually starve.

Is the rate adults enter the boxes changing as young gain in size?
  • Research has shown that 95% of adult visits to boxes containing nestlings
    include feeding young.
  • Feeding rates increase as nestlings grow.  Larger bodies require more food,
    and adults have to work harder to satisfy them.
  • Nests with more young show higher feeding rates by both males and females
    than nests with few young, but adults seldom are able to increase feeding in
    direct proportion to number of young.  Nestlings in large broods tend to get
    fed fewer total food items per hour.

Does brood number effect rate of growth and development?
  • Young with few nestmates typically develop faster than those with many
    because they are fed more often than young in large broods.

Have you noticed changes in how adults approach and enter boxes?
  • As nestlings grow the need for speedy, efficient transfer of food from adult to
    young increases.  Time lost is time adults can't forage.
  • Females now approach and enter boxes quickly and directly, swooping to hole
    and ducking inside in a single fluid motion.





  • Males may hesitate, often perching at the hole briefly before entering.

What other changes do you notice in the behavior of adults?
  • As more efforts focus on feeding growing nestlings, adults have less time for
    other activities.
  • There is less perching and body maintenance, less box guarding, and fewer
    songs and calls.
  • One call that is becoming more common is the "Gurgle" or Contact Call, given
    by adults as they relieve each other at the nest or as they near the hole
    before entering.  The Gurgle seems to alert an adult at the box to the
    second's approach, so that relieving occurs efficiently.  It also informs
    nestlings inside the box that adult with food is arriving.
  • Adults aren't together much now, especially after females stop daytime
    brooding.

Have you noticed adults carrying out "fecal sacs" in their mouths?
  • Fecal sacs are tough, flexible, gelatinous membranes enclosing a songbird
    nestlings' feces.
  • They seem to make it easier for adults to remove wastes from nests.
  • Nestlings usually produce a fecal sac immediately after being fed, almost as a
    reflex; in one end and out the other!  
  • The nestling that was fed usually turns around, backs up, and ejects a fecal
    sac, which is grabbed at once by the adult for removal.
  • Adult songbirds, including Tree Swallows, may actually eat the fecal sacs of
    small nestlings.  However, sacs of larger nestlings are usually removed and
    dropped away from the nest (see below in the photo by Brett Burleigh).
  • You should be able to see adult swallows carrying white fecal sacs suddenly
    dip their heads in flight, opening their bills to drop the sac.















Why are fecal sacs removed?
  • Sanitation is probably the main reason.  Harmful germs could grow in soiled
    nests.
  • Predators could be attracted by smell of accumulated wastes.
  • Nestling feathers smeared by waste could lose their insulating value.

Questions for the next Topic:  Mortality.
  • Have you noted dead or missing nestlings when checking boxes?
  • What could kill nestling songbirds?
  • How have you tried to prevent swallow mortality?

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Nestling Growth
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